International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research

Register      Login

VOLUME 5 , ISSUE 2 ( May-August, 2014 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

The Platform Switching Concept—A Myth or Fact: A Literature Review

Sanjeev Mittal, Shivali Goyal, Sahil Sekhri

Citation Information : Mittal S, Goyal S, Sekhri S. The Platform Switching Concept—A Myth or Fact: A Literature Review. Int J Oral Implantol Clin Res 2014; 5 (2):55-59.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1116

License: CC BY-ND 4.0

Published Online: 01-08-2014

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2014; The Author(s).


Abstract

The peri-implant bone level has been used as one of the criteria to assess the success of dental implants. It is an impor tant prerequisite for preserving the integrity of gin gival margins and interdental papillae. Platform switching for maintaining periimplant bone levels has gained popu larity among implant manufacturers over the last few years. Typically, crestal bone levels are situated 1.5 to 2 mm below the implant-abutment junction, dependent on various factors and there are several theories stating the reason for this phenomenon. Platform switching is a con cept which aims at reduction of the crestal bone loss around the implants and involves the restoration of implants with smaller diameter abutments such that the implant abutment junction (IAJ) is horizontally repositioned inwardly and away from the outer edge of the implant platform. This review aims at summarizing the significance of platform switching.


PDF Share
  1. Canullo L, Fedele GR, iannello G, Jepren S. Platform switching and marginal bonelevel alterations: the results of a randomizedcontrolled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010;21(1):115-121.
  2. Baumgarten H, Cocchetto R, Testori T, Meltzer A, Porter S. A new implant design for crestal bone preservation: initial observations and case report. Pract Proceed Aesthet Dent 2005;17(10):735-740.
  3. Lazzara RJ, Porter SS. Platform switching: a new concept in implant dentistry for controlling postoperative crestal bone levels. Int J Perio Rest Dent 2006;26(1):917.
  4. Ericsson i, Persson LG, Berglundh T, Marinello CP, Lindhe j, Klinge B, et al. Different types of inflammatory reactions in periimplant soft tissues. J Clin Perio 1995;22(3):255-261.
  5. Atieh MA, Ibrahim HM, Atieh AH, et al. Platform switching for marginal bone preservation around dental implants: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Perio 2010;81(10):1350-1366.
  6. Deshpande SS, Sarin SP, Parkhedkar RD. Platform switching of dental implants: panacea for crestal bone loss. J Clin Diag Res 2009 Feb 3:1348-1352.
  7. Luongo R, Traini T, Guidone PC, Bianco G, Cocchetto R, Celletti R. Hard and soft tissue res ponses to the platformswitching technique. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent 2008;28(6):551.
  8. Maeda Y, Horisaka M, Yagi K. Biomechanical rationale for a single implantretained mandibular overdenture: an in vivo study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19(3):271-275.
  9. Schrotenboer J, Tsao YP, Kinariwala V, Wang HL. Effect of platform switching on implant crest bone stress: a finite element analysis. Implant Dent 2009;18(3):260-269.
  10. Canay, Senay, Akāa. Biomechanical aspects of bonelevel diameter shifting at implant abutment interface. implant Dent 2009;18(3):239-248.
  11. Hsu JT, Fuh LJ, Lin DJ, Shen YW, Huang HL. Bone strain and interfacial sliding analyses of platform switching and implant diameter on an immediately loaded implant: Experimental and threedimensional finite element analyses. J Periodontol 2009;80(7):1125-1132.
  12. Degidi M, Iezzi G, Scarano A, Piattelli A. Immediately loaded titanium implant with a tissuestabilizing/ maintaining design (‘ebeyond platform switch’) retrieved from man after 4 weeks: a histological and histomorphometrical evaluation: a case report. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19(3):276-282.
  13. Miyata T, Kobayashi Y, Araki H, Ohto T, Shin K. The influence of controlled occlusal overload on periimplant tissue. Part 3: a histologic study in monkeys. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:425-431.
  14. Prosper L, Redaelli S, Pasi M, Zarone F, Radaelli G, Gherlone EF. A randomized prospective multicenter trial evaluating the platformswitching technique for the prevention of postrestorative crestal bone loss. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009;24(2):299-308.
  15. Prasad KD, Shetty M, Bansal N, Hegde C. Platform switching. an answer to crestal bone loss. J Dent Implant 2011;1(1):13-17.
  16. Baggi L, Cappelloni I, Di Girolamo M, Maceri F, Vairo G. The influence of implant diameter and length on stress distribution of osseointe grated implants related to crestal bone geometry: a threedimen sional finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2008;100(6):422-431.
  17. Tabata LF, assuncao WG, Adelino Ricardo Barao V, de Sousa EA, Gomes EA, Delben JA. Implant platform switching: bio mechanical approach using twodimensional finite element analysis. J Craniofac Surg 2010;21(1):182-187.
  18. RodriguezCiurana X, VelaNebot X, SegalaTorres M, RodadoAlonso C, MendezBlanco V, MataBugueroles M. Biomechanical repercussions of bone resorption related to biologic width: a finite element analysis of three implantabutment configurations. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent 2009;29(5):479-487.
  19. Sabet ME, ElKorashy DI, ElMahrouky NA. Effect of platform switching on strain developed around implants supporting mandibular overdenture. Implant Dent 2009;18(4):362-370.
  20. Hermann F, Lerner H, Palti A. Factors influencing the preservation of the periimplant marginal bone. Implant Dent 2007;16(2):165-175.
  21. Wagenberg B, Froum SJ. Prospective study of 94 platformswitched implants observed from 1992 to 2006. Int J Periodont Restorative Dent 2010;30(1):9-17.
  22. Becker J, Ferrari D, Herten M, Kirsch A, Schaer A, Schwarz F. Influence of platform swit ching on crestal bone changes at nonsubmerged titanium implants: a histomorphometrical study in dogs. J Clin Periodont 2007;34(12):1089-1096.
  23. Spray JR, Black CG, Morris HF, Ochi S. The influence of bone thickness on facial marginal bone response: stage 1 placement through stage 2 uncovering. Ann Periodont 2000;5(1):119-128.
  24. Cappiello M, Luongo R, Di iorio D, Bugea C, Cocchetto R, Celletti R. Evaluation of periimplant bone loss around platformswitched implants. Int J Periodont Restorative Dent 2008; 28(4):347-355.
  25. López-Marí L, Calvo-Guirado JL, Martín-Castellote B, Gomez-Moreno G, López-Marí M. Implant platform switching concept: an updated review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009;14(9): e450-454.
  26. Becker J, Ferrari D, Mihatovic I, Sahm N, Schaer A, Schwarz F. Stability of crestal bone level at platformswitched nonsubmerged titanium implants: a histomorphometrical study in dogs. J Clin Periodont 2009;36(6):532-539.
  27. Romanos GE, Nentwig GH. Immediate functional loading in the maxilla using implants with platform switching: fiveyear results. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009;24(6):1106-1112.
  28. Prosper L, Crespi R, Valenti E, Capparé P, Gherlone E. Fiveyear followup of widediameter implants placed in fresh molar extraction sockets in the mandible: immediate versus delayed loading. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2010;25(3):607-612.
  29. Bilhan H, Mumcu E, Erol S, Kutay O. Influence of platformswitching on marginal bone levels for implants with mandibular overdentures: a retrospective clinical study. Implant Dent 2010; 19(3):250-258.
  30. Romanos GE, Nentwig GH. Immediate loading using crossarch fixed restorations in heavy smokers: nine consecutive case reports for edentulous arches. int j Oral Maxillofac implants 2008; 23(3):513-519.
  31. Canullo L, Iurlaro G, Iannello G. Doubleblind randomized controlled trial study on postextraction immediately restored implants using the switching platform concept: soft tissue response. Preliminary report. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20(4): 414-420.
  32. Cocchetto R, Traini T, Caddeo F, Celletti R. Evaluation of hard tissue response around wider platformswitched implants. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent 2010;30(2):163-171.
  33. Calvo Guirado jL, Ortiz Ruiz AJ, Gómez Moreno G, López Marí L, Bravo González La. immediate loading and immediate restoration in 105 expandedplatform implants via the Diem System after a 16month followup period. Med Oral Pathol Oral Cir Bucal 2008;13(9):E576-581.
  34. VelaNebot X, Rodríguez-Ciurana X, RodadoAlonso C, Segalà-Torres M. Benefits of an implant platform modification technique to reduce crestal bone resorption. Implant Dent 2006;15(3):313-320.
  35. Sorni-Bröker M, PeñarrochaDiago M, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Factors that influence the position of the periimplant soft tissues: a review. Med Oral Pathol Oral Cir Bucal 2009;14(9):e475-479.
  36. Tarnow DP, Cho SC, Wallace SS. The effect of interimplant distance on the height of inter-implant bone crest. J Periodont 2000;71(4):546-549.
  37. RodríguezCiurana X, VelaNebot X, Segalà-Torres M, Calvo-Guirado JL, Cambra J, Méndez-Blanco V, Tarnow DP. The effect of interimplant distance on the height of the interimplant bone crest when using platformswitched implants. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent 2009;29(2):141-151.
  38. Hürzeler M, Fickl S, Zuhr O, Wachtel HC. Periimplant bone level around implants with platformswitched abutments: preliminary data from a prospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007 Jul;65(7 Suppl 1):3339. Erratum in: J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;66(10):2195-2196.
  39. Canullo L, Rasperini G. Preservation of periimplant soft and hard tissues using platform switching of implants placed in immediate extraction sockets: a proofofconcept study with 12to 36month followup. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2007;22(6):995-1000.
  40. Trammell K, Geurs NC, O’Neal SJ, Liu PR, Haigh SJ, McNeal S, Kenealy JN, Reddy MS. A prospective, rando mized, controlled comparison of platformswitched and matchedabutment implants in shortspan partial denture situations. Int J Periodont Restorat Dent 2009;29(6):599-605.
  41. Mangano C, Mangano F, Piattelli a, iezzi G, Mangano a, La Colla L. Prospective clinical evaluation of 1920 Morse taper connec tion implants: results after 4 years of functional loading. Clin Oral Impl Res 2009;20(3):254-261.
  42. Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Coulthard P, Worthington HV. The efficacy of various bone augmentation procedures for dental implants: A Cochrane systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2006 Sep-Oct;21(5):696-710.
  43. Wallace SS. Maxillary sinus augmentation: Evidence-based decision making with a biological surgical approach. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006 Dec;27(12):662-69.
  44. Schleier P, Bierfreund G, Schultze-Mosgau S, Moldenhauer F, Küpper H, Freilich M. Simultaneous dental implant placement and endoscope-guided internal sinus floor elevation: Two years post-loading outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008 Nov;19(11):1163-70.
  45. Urban IA, Lozada JL. A prospective study of implants placed in augmented sinuses with minimal and moderate residual crestal bone: Results after 1 to 5 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2010 Nov-Dec;25(6):1203-12.
  46. Boyne PJ, James RA. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous marrow and bone. J Oarl Surg 1980;38:6.
  47. Sethi A, Kaus T. Maxillary ridge expansion with simultaneous implant placement: Five years results of an ongoing clínical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:491-99.
  48. Sisti A, Canullo L, Mottola MP, Iannello G. Crestal minimallyinvasive sinus lift on severely resorbed maxillary crest: Prospective study. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2012 Jan 9;57(1): 45-51.
  49. Riben C, Thor A. The maxillary sinus membrane elevation procedure: Augmentation of bone around dental implants without grafts: A review of a surgical technique. Int J Dent 2012.
  50. Trisi P, Rao W. Bone classification: Clinical-histomorphometric comparison. Clin Oral Implants Res 1999;10:1-7.
  51. Fornell J, Johansson LÅ, Bolin A, Isaksson S, Sennerby L. Flapless, CBCT-guided osteotome sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant installation. I: Radiographic examination and surgical technique. A prospective 1-year follow-up. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012 Jan; 23(1):28-34.
  52. Zubillaga G, Von Hagen S, Simon B, Deasy M. Changes in alveolar bone height and width following post-extraction ridge augmentation using a fixed bioabsorbable membrane and demineralized freeze-dried bone osteoinductive graft. J Periodontol 2003;74:965-75.
  53. Simon B, Von Hagen S, Deasy M, Faldu M, Resnansky D. Changes in alveolar bone height and width following ridge augmentation using bone graft and membranes. J Periodontol 2000;71:1774-91.
  54. Moghadam HG, Cols Y, Histomorphometric evaluation of bone regeneration using allogenic and alloplastic bone substitutes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004 Feb;62(2):202-13.
  55. Revie Leziy SS, Miller BA. Guided implant surgery and the use of osteotomes for rehabilitation of the maxilla. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2006 Jun;18(5):293-95.
  56. Pereira CC, Gealh WC, Nogueira LM, Garcia IR JR, Okamoto R. Piezosurgey applied to implant dentistry: Clinical and biological aspects. J Oral Implantol 2012 Jan 4[Epub ahead of print].
  57. Viña-Almunia J, Maestre-Ferrín L, Alegre-Domingo T, Peñarrocha-Diago MA. Survival of implants placed with the osteotome technique: An update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012;17(5):e765-68.
  58. Piano S. A simple way to plan implant positioning: the ‘Stechnique’. Eur J Esthet Dent Autumn; 2011;6(3):328-41.
  59. Kfir E, Goldestein M, Abramovitz I, Mazor Z, Kfir V, Kaluski E. The effects of sinus membrane pathology on bone augmentation and procedural outcome using minimal invasive antral membrane balloon elevation. J Oral Implantol 2012 Mar
  60. [Epub ahead of print].
  61. Kaneko T, Masuda I, Horie N, Shimoyama T. New bone formation in nongrafted sinus lifting with space-maintaining management: A novel technique using a titanium bone fixation device. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012Mar;70(3):e217-24.
  62. Crespi R, Capparè P, Gherlone E. Osteotome sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant placement in grafted biomaterial sockets: 3 years of follow-up. J Periodontol 2010 Mar;81(3):344-49.
  63. Brägger U, Gerber C, Joss A, Haenni S, Meier A, Hashorva E, Lang NP. Patterns of tissue remodeling after placement of ITI dental implants using an osteotome technique: A longitudinal radiographic case cohort study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004 Apr;15(2):158-66.
  64. Lindgren C, Mordenfeld A, Hallman M. A prospective 1-year clinical and radiographic study of implants placed after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate or deproteinized bovine bone. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2012 Mar;14(1):41-50.
  65. Guyot M, Dubuc O, Richard NP, Dutour O. Comparison between direct clinical and digital photogrammetric measurements in patients with 22q11 microdeletion. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003 June;32(3):246-52.
  66. Jemt LT. Photogrammetric measurements of implant positions. Description of a technique to determine the fit between implants and superstructures. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;5(1):30-36.
  67. Summers RB. The osteotome technique: Part 3. Less invasive methods of elevating the sinus floor. Compendium 1994;15: 702-04.
  68. Taschieri S, Corbella S, Saita M, Tsesis I, Del Fabbro M. Osteotome-mediated sinus lift without grafting material: A review of literature and a technique proposal. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Int J Dent 2012, Article ID 849093, 9 pages.
  69. Taschieri S, Corbella S, Del Fabbro M. Use of plasma rich in growth factor for Schneiderian membrane management during maxillary sinus augmentation procedure. J Oral Implantol 2012;38(5):621-27.
  70. Mol A, Van de Stel APF. Application of digital image analysis in dental radiography for the description of periapical bone lesions: A preliminary study. (Special tissue in dentistry) Trans Biomed Eng 1991;38:357-59.
  71. Palioto DB. Sato S. Computer assisted image analysis methods for evaluation of periodontal wound healing. Braz Dent J 2001;12(3):167-72.
  72. Ganz SD. Cone beam computed tomography-assisted treatment planning concepts. Dent Clin North Am 2011 Jul;55(3):515-36.
  73. Peck JN, Conte GJ. Radiologic techniques using CBCT and 3-D treatment planning for implant placement. J Calif Dent Assoc 2008 Apr;36(4):287-90.
  74. Fienitz T, Schwarz F, Ritter L, Dreiseidler T, Becker J, Rothamel D. Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography in assessing peri-implant bone defect regeneration: A histologically controlled study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012Jul;23(7):882-87.
  75. Leziy SS, Miller BA. Guided implant surgery and the use of osteotomes for rehabilitation of the maxilla. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2006 Jun;18(5):293-95.
  76. Beretta M, Cicciù M, Bramanti E, Maiorana C. Schneider membrane elevation in presence of sinus septa: Anatomic features and surgical management. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Int J Dent 2012;Article ID 261905, 6 pages.
  77. Ganz SD. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing applications using CT and cone beam CT scanning technology. Dent Clin North Am 2008 Oct;52(4):777-808.
  78. Chung S, McCullagh A, Irinakis T. Immediate loading in the maxillary arch: Evidence-based guidelines to improve success rates: A review. J Oral Implantol 2011 Oct; 37(5):610-17.
  79. Bertassoni LE, Marshall GW. Papain-gel degrades intact nonmineralized type I collagen fibrils. Scanning 2009 Nov- Dec;31(6):253-258.
  80. Moon SE, Kim HY, Cha JD. Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2011 Sep;56(9):907-916.
  81. Pinto E, Vale-Silva L, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticumon, candida, aspergillus and dermatophyte species. J Med Microbiol 2009 Nov;58(Pt 11):1454-1462.
  82. Olajide OA, Makinde JM, Awe SO. Evaluation of the pharmacological properties of nutmeg oil in rats and mice. Pharma Biol 2000;38(5):385-390.
  83. Thanoon SZ, Al-Refai AS, Kamal A. Antibacterial effect and healing potential of nutmeg oil for chemically induced oral ulcerations in rabbits. Zanco J Med Sci 2013;17(2): 393-399.
  84. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-09.
  85. Sammour A, Bijan MM, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Prospective randomised trial comparing the effects of letrazole (LE) and clomiphene citrate (CC) on follicular development, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate in patients undergoing superovulation prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI). Fertil Steril 2001;76(Suppl 1):S110.
  86. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Single-dose administration of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:229-31.
  87. Fisher SA, Reid RL, Van Vugt DA, Casper RF. A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women. Fertil Steril 2002;78:280-85.
  88. Fatemi HM, Kalibianakis E, Tournaye H, Camus M, Van Steirteghem AC, Devroey P. Clomiphene citrate vs letrozole for ovarian stimulation: A pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:543-46.
  89. Hu Y, Cortvrindt R, Smitz J. Effects of aromatase inhibition on in vitro follicle and oocyte development analyzed by early preantral mouse follicle culture. Mol Reprod Dev 2002;61: 549-59.
  90. Shetty G, Krishnamurthy H, Krishnamurthy HN, Bhatnagar S, Moudgal NR. Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;61:157-66.
  91. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition reduces gonadotrophin dose required for controlled ovarian stimulation in women with unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1588-97.
  92. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition improves ovarian response to follicle-stimulating hormone in poor responders. Fertil Steril 2002;77:776-80.
  93. Goswami SK, Das T, Chattopadhyay R, Sawhney V, Kumar J, Chaudhury K, Chakravarty BN, Kabir SN. A randomized single blind controlled trial of letrozole as a low-cost IVF protocol in women with poor ovarian response: A preliminary report. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2031-35.
  94. Newkirk KM, Chandler HL, Parent AE, et al. Ultraviolet radiation-induced corneal degeneration in 129 mice. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:819-26.
  95. Pettenati MJ, Sweatt AJ, Lantz P, et al. The human cornea has a high incidence of acquired chromosome abnormalities. Hum Genet 1997;101:26-29.
  96. Snibson GR. Collagen cross-linking: A new treatment paradigm in corneal disease—a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010;38:141-53.
  97. Spoerl E, Raiskup-Wolf F, Kuhlisch E, Pillunat LE. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2008;24:S737-40.
  98. Rabinowitz YS, Nesburn AB, McDonnell PJ. Videokeratography of the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1993;100:181-86.
  99. Goodrich DW, Lee WH. The molecular genetics of retinoblastoma. Cancer Surv 1990;9:529-54.
  100. Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Life expectancy in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76:590-91.
  101. Honein MA, Dawson AL, Petersen EE, Jones AM, Lee EH, Yazdy MM, Ahmad N, Macdonald J, Evert N, Bingham A, et al. Birth defects among fetuses and infants of US women with evidence of possible Zika virus infection during pregnancy. JAMA 2017 Jan 3;317(1):59-68.
  102. Chervenak FA, Jeanty P, Cantraine F, Chitkara U, Venus I, Berkowitz RL, Hobbins JC. The diagnosis of fetal microcephaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 Jul 1;149(5):512-517.
  103. Papageorghiou AT, Thilaganathan B, Bilardo CM, Ngu A, Malinger G, Herrera M, Salomon LJ, Riley LE, Copel JA. ISUOG Interim Guidance on ultrasound for Zika virus infection in pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Apr;47(4):530-532.
  104. Chibueze EC, Parsons AJ, Lopes KD, Yo T, Swa T, Nagata C, Horita N, Morisaki N, Balogun OO, Dagvadorj A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound scanning for prenatal microcephaly in the context of Zika virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017 May 23;7(1):2310.
  105. Cordeiro MT. Zika virus: laboratory diagnosis. In: Zika in focus. Springer International Publishing; 2017. pp. 59-62.
  106. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodušek V, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016 Mar 10;374(10):951-958.
  107. Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, Hazin AN. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol 2016 Dec;34(12):765-770.
  108. Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, Szejnfeld PO, Alves Sampaio S, Bispo de Filippis AM. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Jan;47(1):6-7.
  109. Araujo AQ, Silva MT, Araujo AP. Zika virus-associated neurological disorders: a review. Brain 2016;139(8):2122-2130.
  110. Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Rabello RS, Valderramos SG, Halai UA, Salles TS, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 2016 Dec 15;375(24):2321-2334.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.