Medial Mandibular Flexure: A Review of Concepts and Consequences
Aparna IN, Dhanasekar B, Lokendra Gupta, Lingeshwar D
Citation Information :
IN A, B D, Gupta L, D L. Medial Mandibular Flexure: A Review of Concepts and Consequences. Int J Oral Implantol Clin Res 2011; 2 (2):67-71.
Mandible is a long bone which is bent in the form of a ‘U’ or bow, supported and articulated with the cranium by means of muscles and ligaments. These muscles, tendons and ligaments attached to the mandible exert force, which causes change in the shape of the mandible at different levels of movement of the jaws. A medial flexure of mandible occurs during wide opening of mouth with the amount of flexure depending on the degree of jaw movement. This mandibular flexure, though minimal, has a profound influence on cross-arch restorations and patients with subperiosteal implants. This article describes the various facts and consequences of mandibular flexure.
Osborne J, Tomlin HR. Medial convergence of the mandible. Br Dent J 1964;117:112-14.
De Marco TJ, Paine S. Mandibular dimensional changes. J Prosthet Dent 1974;31:482-85.
Weinmann JP, Sicher H. Bone and bones (2nd ed). St Louis: The CV Mosby Company 1955;130-34.
Picton DCA. Distortion of the jaws during biting. Arch Oral Biology 1962;7:573-80.
Regli CP, Kelly EK. The phenomenon of decreased mandibular arch width in opening movements. Prosthet Dent 1967;17: 49-53.
McDowell JA, Regli CP. A quantitative analysis of the decrease in width of the mandibular arch during forced movements of the mandible. J Dent Res 1961;40:1183-85.
Burch JG, Borchers G. Method for study of mandibular arch width change. J Dent Res 1970;49:463.
Novak CA. Mandibular dimensional changes in the various jaw position and its effect upon prosthetic appliances. Dent Student 1972;50:19.
Gookind JR, Heringlake CB. Mandibular flexure in opening and closing movements. J Prosthet Dent 1973;30:134-38.
Burch JG. Patterns of change in human mandibular arch width during jaw excursions. Arch Oral Biol 1972;17:623-31.
Fischman BM. The influence of fixed splints on mandibular flexure. J Prosthet Dent 1976;35:643-47.
Yang HS, Lang LA, Felton DA. Finite element stress analysis on the effect of splinting in fixed partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:721-28.
Beecher RM. Function and fusion at the mandibular symphysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 1977;47:325-33.
Omar R, Wise MD. Mandiular flexure associated with muscle force applied in the retruded axis position. J Oral Rehabilitation 1981;6:299-321.
Hylander WL. Stress and strain in the mandible symphysis of primates. A test of competing hypothses. Am J Phys Anthropol 1984;64:1-46.
Hylander WL. The human mandible: Lever or link? Am J Phys Anthropol 1975;43:227-42.
Fischman BM. The rotational aspect of mandibular flexure. J Prosthet Dent 1990;64:483-85.
De Oliveira RM, Emtiaz S. Mandibular flexure and dental implants: A case report. Implant Dent 2000;9:90-95.
Hobkirk JA, Schwab J. Mandibular deformation in subjects with osseointegrated implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant 1991;6:319-28.
McCartney JW. Cantilever rests: An alternative to the unsupported distal cantilever of osseointegrated implantsupported prostheses for the edentulous mandible. J Prosthet dent 1992;68:817-19.
Ueda R. The activity pattern of the inferior head of lateral pterygoid muscle. J Jpn Prosthodont Soc 1992;36:94-107.
Korioth TWP, Hannam AG. Deformation of the human mandible during simulated tooth clenching. J Dent Res 1994;73:56-66.
Horiuchi M, Ichikawa T, Noda M, Matsumoto N. Use of interimplant displacement to easure mandibular distortion during jaw movements in humans. Arch Oral Biol 1997;42:185-88.
Loth SR, Henneberg M. Mandibular ramus flexure: A new morphologic indicator of sexual dimorphism in the human skeleton. Am J Phys Anthropol 1998;105:89-90.
Hill CA. Evaluating mandibular ramus flexure as a morphologic indicator of sex. Am J Phys Anthropol 2000;111:573-77.
Coqueugniot H, Tillier AM, Bruzek J. Mandibular ramus posterior flexure: A sex indicator in Homo sapiens fossil hominids. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2000; 10:426-31.
John A, Hobkirk JA, Havthoulas TK. The influence of mandibular deformation, implant numbers, and loading position on detected forces in abutments supporting fixed implant superstructures. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:169-74.
Korioth TWP, Johann AR. Influence of mandibular superstructure shape on implant stresses during simulated posterior biting. J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:67-72.
Misch CE. Diagnostic cast, peri-implant proshodontics, treatment prosthesis, and surgical templates. In: Misch CE (Ed). Contemporary Implant Dentistry (2nd ed). St Louis: Mosby 1999;143-44.
Abdel-Latif HH, Hobkirk JA, Kelleway JP. Functional mandibular deformation in edentulous subjects treated with dental implants. Int J Prosthodont 2000;13:513-19.
Arenal AA, Lasheras FS, Fernández EM, González I. A jaw model for the study of the mandibular flexure taking into account the anisotropy of the bone. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2009;50:695-704.
Chen DC, Lai YL, Chi LY, Lee SY. Contributing factors of mandibular deformation during mouth opening. J Dent 2000;28:583-88.
Jiang T, AI M. In vivo mandibular elastic deformation during clenching on pivots. J Oral Rehabil 2002;29:201-08.
Paez CY, Barco T, Roushdy S, Andres C. Split-frame implant prosthesis designed to compensate for mandibular flexure: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:341-43.
Zarone F, Apicella A, Nicolais L, Aversa R, Sorrentino R. Mandibular flexure and stress build-up in mandibular full-arch fixed prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Impl Res 2003;14:103-14.
Vollmer D, Meyer U, Joos U, Vegh A, Piffko J. Experimental and finite element study of a human mandible. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2000;28:91-96.
Shinkai RSA, Canabarro SA, Schmidt CS, Sartori EA. Reliability of a digital mandibular flexure measurement. J Appl Oral Sci 2004;12:358-62.
Canabarro SA, Shinkai RSA. Medial mandibular flexure and maximum occlusal force in dentate adults. Int J Prosthodont 2000;19:177-82.
Misch CE. The completely edentulous mandible: Treatment plan for fixed restoration. In: Misch CE (ed). Contemporary Implant Dentistry (3rd ed). St Louis: Mosby 2008;316-17.
Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T. The mucosal barrier following the abutment dis/reconnection: An experimental study in dogs. J Clin Perioodntol 1997;24:568-72.
Albreketsson T, Isidor F. Consensus report of session 4. In Lang NP, Karring T (Eds). Proceedings of 1st European Workshop of Periodontology London Quintessence Publishing 1994; 365-69.
Becker W, Becker BE, Newman MG. Clinical and microbiologic findings that may contribute to dental implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1990;5:31-38.
Lindquist LW, Rockler B, Carlsson GE. Bone resorption around fixtures in edentulous patients treated with mandibular fixed tissue integrated prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1988;59:59-63.
Levignac J. Losteolyse periimplantaire, periimplantose, periimplantite. Rev Fr Odontostomatol 1965;12:1251-60.
Rams TE, Link CC. Microbiology of the failing dental implants in humans: Electron microscopic observations. J Oral Implantol 1983;11:93-100.
Mombelli A, Van Oosten MAC, Lang NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987;2:145-51.
Mombelli A. Prevention and therapy of peri-implantitis infections. In: Lang NP, Karring T, Lindhe J (Eds). Proceedings of 3rd European Workshop on Periodontology: Implant Dentistry. Berlin: Quintessence Publishing Co 1999:281-303.
Lindhe J, Meyle J. Peri-implant diseases: Consensus report of the sixth European Workshop on Periodontolgy. J Clin Periodontol 2008;35(S-8):282-85.
Tarnow D, Elian N, Fletcher P, et al. Vertical distance from the crest of bone to the height of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants. J Periodontol 2003;74:1785-88.
Ericsson J, Persson LG. Different types of implant-associated reactions in periodontal soft tissues. J Clin Periodont 1995; 22:255-61.
Steinebrunner L, Wolfart S. In vitro evaluation of bacterial leakage along the implant of different implant abutment interface of different implant systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:875-81.
Engelke W, Decco OA. In vitro evaluation of horizontal implant micromovement in bone specimen with contact endoscopy. Implant Dent 2004;13:88-94.
Hermann J, Buser D, Schenk RK, Schoolfield JD. Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone changes around titanium implants: A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged implants in canine mandible. J Periodontol 2001;72:1372-83.
Hermann JS, Buser D, Schenk RK, et al. Crestal bone changes around titanium implants: A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged and submerged implants in the canine mandible. J Peridontol 2000;71:1412-24.
Wohrle PS. Nobel perfect esthetic scalloped implant: Rationale for a new design. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;5:64-73.
Gardener D. Maintaining crestal bone around dental implants: Literature review and clinical technique. Dentistry Today 2006.
Tonetti MS, Sanz M. Consensus report of session B. In: Lang N, Karring T, Lindhe J. Proceedings of the 3rd European Workshop on Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Berlin: Quintessence 1999:185-88.
Huang MT, Ho CT, Wang ZY, Ferraro T, Lou YR, Stauber K, Ma W, Georgiadis C, Laskin JD, Conney AH. Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid. Cancer Res. 1994 Feb;54(3):701-708.
Bernardes WA, Lucarini R, Tozatti MG, Souza MG, Silva ML, Filho AA, Martins CH, Crotti AE, Pauletti PM, Groppo M, et al. Antimicrobial activity of tosmarinus officinalis against oral pathogens: relevance of carnosic acid and carnosol. Chem Biodivers 2010 Jul;7(7):1835-1840.
Parolia A, Thomas MS, Kundabala M, Mohan M. Propolis and its potential uses in oral health. Int J Med Sci 2010 Jul;2(7): 210-215.
Oncag O, Cogulu D, Uzel A, Sorkun K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enerococcus faecalis. Gen Dent 2006 Sep-Oct:54(5):319-322.
Martin MP, Pileggi R. A quantitative analysis of propolis: a promising new storage media following avulsion. Dent Traumatol 2004 Apr:20(2):85-89.
Carbajal D, Casaco A, Arruzazabala L, Gonzalez R, Tolon Z. Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1989 Feb;25(1):103-107.
Sanches NR, Cortez DAG, Schiavini MS, Nakamura CV, Filho BPD. An evaluation of antibacterial activities of Psidium guajava. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2005 May;48(3):4229-4230.
Sanda KA, Grema HA, Geidam YA, Bukar-Kolo YM. Pharmacological aspects of Psidium guajava: an update. Int J Pharmacol 2011 May;7:316-324.
Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS. Punica grantum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque. J Herb Pharmacother 2006;6(2):79-92.
Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio FC, Sampaio MC, Pereira Mdo S, Higino JS, Peixoto MH. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of punica granatum linn (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. mitis and C albicans. Braz Dent J 2006;17(3): 223-227.
Prasad D, Kunnaiah R. Punica granatum: a review on its potential role in treating periodontal disease. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014 Jul;18(4):428-432.
Sauvaire Y, Petit P, Baissac Y, Ribes G. Chemistry and pharmacology of fenugreek. In: Herbs, botanicals and teas. Mazza G, Oomah BD, editors. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Pub. Co; 2000. p. 107-129.
Acharya SN, Basu SK, Thomas JE. Methods for the improvement of plant medicinal properties with particular reference to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). In: Acharya SN, Thomas JE, editors. Advances in medicinal plant research. Kerala, India: Research Signpost; 2007b p. 491-412.
Al-Habori M, Raman A. Pharmacological properties in fenugreek. - In: Petropoulos GA, editor. The genus trigonella. 1st ed. London and New York: Taylor and Francis 2002. p. 163-182.
Saini P, Al-Shibani N, Sun J, Zhang W, Song F, Gregson KS, Windsor LJ. Effects of calendula officinalis on human gingival fibroblasts. Homeopathy 2012 Apr;101(2):92-98.
Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PPA. Evaluation of calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2013 Nov-Dec;17(6):741-747.
Chakraborthy GS. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of calendula officinalis Linn. J Herb Med Toxicol 2008 Jun;2(2):65–66.
Zilda CG, Claudia MR, Sandra RF. Antifungal activity of the essential oil from calendula officinalis L growing in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2008;39(1):61-63.
Bussadori SK, Castro LC, Galvão AC. Papain gel: a new chemo-mechanical caries removal agent. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2005 Winter;30(2):115-119.
Bertassoni LE, Marshall GW. Papain-gel degrades intact nonmineralized type I collagen fibrils. Scanning 2009 Nov- Dec;31(6):253-258.
Moon SE, Kim HY, Cha JD. Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2011 Sep;56(9):907-916.
Pinto E, Vale-Silva L, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticumon, candida, aspergillus and dermatophyte species. J Med Microbiol 2009 Nov;58(Pt 11):1454-1462.
Olajide OA, Makinde JM, Awe SO. Evaluation of the pharmacological properties of nutmeg oil in rats and mice. Pharma Biol 2000;38(5):385-390.
Thanoon SZ, Al-Refai AS, Kamal A. Antibacterial effect and healing potential of nutmeg oil for chemically induced oral ulcerations in rabbits. Zanco J Med Sci 2013;17(2): 393-399.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-09.
Sammour A, Bijan MM, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Prospective randomised trial comparing the effects of letrazole (LE) and clomiphene citrate (CC) on follicular development, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate in patients undergoing superovulation prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI). Fertil Steril 2001;76(Suppl 1):S110.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Single-dose administration of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:229-31.
Fisher SA, Reid RL, Van Vugt DA, Casper RF. A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women. Fertil Steril 2002;78:280-85.
Fatemi HM, Kalibianakis E, Tournaye H, Camus M, Van Steirteghem AC, Devroey P. Clomiphene citrate vs letrozole for ovarian stimulation: A pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:543-46.
Hu Y, Cortvrindt R, Smitz J. Effects of aromatase inhibition on in vitro follicle and oocyte development analyzed by early preantral mouse follicle culture. Mol Reprod Dev 2002;61: 549-59.
Shetty G, Krishnamurthy H, Krishnamurthy HN, Bhatnagar S, Moudgal NR. Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;61:157-66.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition reduces gonadotrophin dose required for controlled ovarian stimulation in women with unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1588-97.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition improves ovarian response to follicle-stimulating hormone in poor responders. Fertil Steril 2002;77:776-80.
Goswami SK, Das T, Chattopadhyay R, Sawhney V, Kumar J, Chaudhury K, Chakravarty BN, Kabir SN. A randomized single blind controlled trial of letrozole as a low-cost IVF protocol in women with poor ovarian response: A preliminary report. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2031-35.
Newkirk KM, Chandler HL, Parent AE, et al. Ultraviolet radiation-induced corneal degeneration in 129 mice. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:819-26.
Pettenati MJ, Sweatt AJ, Lantz P, et al. The human cornea has a high incidence of acquired chromosome abnormalities. Hum Genet 1997;101:26-29.
Snibson GR. Collagen cross-linking: A new treatment paradigm in corneal disease—a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010;38:141-53.
Spoerl E, Raiskup-Wolf F, Kuhlisch E, Pillunat LE. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2008;24:S737-40.
Rabinowitz YS, Nesburn AB, McDonnell PJ. Videokeratography of the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1993;100:181-86.
Goodrich DW, Lee WH. The molecular genetics of retinoblastoma. Cancer Surv 1990;9:529-54.
Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Life expectancy in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76:590-91.
Honein MA, Dawson AL, Petersen EE, Jones AM, Lee EH, Yazdy MM, Ahmad N, Macdonald J, Evert N, Bingham A, et al. Birth defects among fetuses and infants of US women with evidence of possible Zika virus infection during pregnancy. JAMA 2017 Jan 3;317(1):59-68.
Chervenak FA, Jeanty P, Cantraine F, Chitkara U, Venus I, Berkowitz RL, Hobbins JC. The diagnosis of fetal microcephaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 Jul 1;149(5):512-517.
Papageorghiou AT, Thilaganathan B, Bilardo CM, Ngu A, Malinger G, Herrera M, Salomon LJ, Riley LE, Copel JA. ISUOG Interim Guidance on ultrasound for Zika virus infection in pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Apr;47(4):530-532.
Chibueze EC, Parsons AJ, Lopes KD, Yo T, Swa T, Nagata C, Horita N, Morisaki N, Balogun OO, Dagvadorj A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound scanning for prenatal microcephaly in the context of Zika virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017 May 23;7(1):2310.
Cordeiro MT. Zika virus: laboratory diagnosis. In: Zika in focus. Springer International Publishing; 2017. pp. 59-62.
Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodušek V, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016 Mar 10;374(10):951-958.
Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, Hazin AN. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol 2016 Dec;34(12):765-770.
Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, Szejnfeld PO, Alves Sampaio S, Bispo de Filippis AM. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Jan;47(1):6-7.
Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Rabello RS, Valderramos SG, Halai UA, Salles TS, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 2016 Dec 15;375(24):2321-2334.
