International Journal of Oral Implantology & Clinical Research

Register      Login

VOLUME 2 , ISSUE 1 ( January-April, 2011 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Gene-857 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Associated with Early Implant Failure in Asian Patients

Tetsuji Nakamoto, Ryuji Hosokawa, Yuhi Murashima, Chihiro Masaki, Michiko Makino, Tetsuro Kojo

Citation Information : Nakamoto T, Hosokawa R, Murashima Y, Masaki C, Makino M, Kojo T. The Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Gene-857 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Associated with Early Implant Failure in Asian Patients. Int J Oral Implantol Clin Res 2011; 2 (1):1-6.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10012-1028

License: CC BY-ND 4.0

Published Online: 01-04-2014

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2011; The Author(s).


Abstract

This study examined the association between implant failure and IL-1β (+3954) and TNF-α (–857) gene polymorphisms in Japanese. Forty patients (mean age 64.1 years) were divided into a control group with one or more healthy implants (n = 27) and a test group with one or more implants that failed early (n = 13). Samples were collected from the buccal mucosa using spatula. Total genomic DNA was amplified using phi29 DNA polymerase. Genomic DNA from the buccal mucosa was amplified using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The significance of the differences in the observed frequencies of the allele ratio and genotype distribution in both groups was assessed by Monte Carlo simulations using the program CLUMP. In the patient analysis, no significant differences were found in the allele or genotype distributions of the IL-1β gene between the control and test groups, and of TNF-α. In the implant analysis, no significant differences were noted in the allele or allele T-containing genotype distributions of IL-1β (+3954) between the control and test groups, whereas the allele distribution of TNF-α (–857) differed significantly between the two groups (p = 0.02). In the patient analysis, the patients possessing both genotypes, i.e. the allele T at IL-1β (+3954) and TNF-α (–857), the difference between the control and test groups was close to significance (p = 0.055). In the implant analysis, the patients possessing both genotypes, i.e. allele T at IL-1β (+3954) and TNF-α (–857) the difference between the control and test groups was significant (p = 0.008). This study suggests that possessing both the IL-1β (+3954) and TNF-α (–857) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) constitutes a risk factor for early implant failure in Japanese.


PDF Share
  1. Esposito M, Coulthard P, Thomsen P, Worthington H. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: Different types of dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD003815.
  2. Adell R, Eriksson B, Lekholm U, Brånemark P, Jemt T. Longterm follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1990;5:347-59.
  3. Brånemark P, Adell R, Breine U, Hansson B, Lindström J, Ohlsson A. Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1969;3: 81-100.
  4. Esposito M, Hirsch J, Lekholm U, Thomsen P. Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants I. Success criteria and epidemiology. Eur J Oral Sci 1998;106: 527-51.
  5. Esposito M, Hirsch J, Lekholm U, Thomsen P. Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. Etiopathogenesis. Eur J Oral Sci 1998;106:721-64.
  6. Vassalli P. The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Annu Rev Immunol 1992;10:411-52.
  7. Pociot F, Mølvig J, Wogensen L, Worsaae H, Nerup J. A TaqI polymorphism in the human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) gene correlates with IL-1 beta secretion in vitro. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22:396-402.
  8. di Giovine F, Takhsh E, Blakemore A, Duff G. Single base polymorphism at -511 in the human interleukin-1 beta gene (IL1 beta). Hum Mol Genet 1992;1:450.
  9. Guasch J, Bertina R, Reitsma P. Five novel intragenic dimorphisms in the human interleukin-1 genes combine to high informativity. Cytokine 1996;8:598-602.
  10. Wilson A, de Vries N, Pociot F, di Giovine F, van der Putte L, Duff G. An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med 1993;177:557-60.
  11. D’Alfonso S, Richiardi P. A polymorphic variation in a putative regulation box of the TNFA promoter region. Immunogenetics 1994;39:150-54.
  12. Kornman K, Crane A, Wang H, et al. The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:72-77.
  13. Shimpuku H, Nosaka Y, Kawamura T, Tachi Y, Shinohara M, Ohura K. Genetic polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene and early marginal bone loss around endosseous dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;14:423-29.
  14. Campos M, dos Santos M, Trevilatto P, Scarel-Caminaga R, Bezerra F, Line S. Early failure of dental implants and TNFalpha (G-308A) gene polymorphism. Implant Dent 2004;13: 95-101.
  15. Tai H, Endo M, Shimada Y, et al. Association of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms with early onset periodontitis in Japanese. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:882-88.
  16. Soga Y, Nishimura F, Ohyama H, Maeda H, Takashiba S, Murayama Y. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-alpha) - 1031/-863, -857 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with severe adult periodontitis in Japanese. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30:524-31.
  17. Higuchi T, Seki N, Kamizono S, et al. Polymorphism of the 5'- flanking region of the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gene in Japanese. Tissue Antigens 1998;51:605-12.
  18. el Askary A, Meffert R, Griffin T. Why do dental implants fail? Part II. Implant Dent 1999;8:265-77.
  19. Rogers M, Figliomeni L, Baluchova K, et al. Do interleukin-1 polymorphisms predict the development of periodontitis or the success of dental implants? J Periodontal Res 2002;37:37-41.
  20. Campos M, Santos M, Trevilatto P, Scarel-Caminaga R, Bezerra F, Line S. Evaluation of the relationship between interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and early implant failure in nonsmoking patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005;16:194-201.
  21. Montes C, Alvim-Pereira F, de Castilhos B, Sakurai M, Olandoski M, Trevilatto P. Analysis of the association of IL1B (C+3954T) and IL1RN (intron 2) polymorphisms with dental implant loss in a Brazilian population. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20:208-17.
  22. Gruica B, Wang H, Lang N, Buser D. Impact of IL-1 genotype and smoking status on the prognosis of osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004;15:393-400.
  23. Feloutzis A, Lang N, Tonetti M, et al. IL-1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri-implant bone loss in a wellmaintained population. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;14:10-17.
  24. Anusaksathien O, Sukboon A, Sitthiphong P, Teanpaisan R. Distribution of interleukin-1beta(+3954) and IL-1alpha(-889) genetic variations in a Thai population group. J Periodontol 2003;74:1796-1802.
  25. Li Q, Zhao H, Meng H, et al. Association analysis between interleukin-1 family polymorphisms and generalized aggressive periodontitis in a Chinese population. J Periodontol 2004;75:1627-35.
  26. Cury P, Joly J, Freitas N, Sendyk W, Nunes F, de Araújo N. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism on peri-implant bone loss following prosthetic reconstruction. Implant Dent 2007;16:80-88.
  27. Cury P, Horewicz V, Ferrari D, et al. Evaluation of the Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Gene Polymorphism on the Risk of Peri-implantitis: A Case-Control Study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009;24:1101-05.
  28. Alves C, Andion J, Brandão M, Menezes R. Pathogenic aspects of the periodontal disease associated to diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2007;51:1050-57.
  29. Perrey C, Pravica V, Sinnott P, Hutchinson I. Genotyping for polymorphisms in interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and tumour necrosis factoralpha genes: A technical report. Transpl Immunol 1998;6: 193-97.
  30. Date Y, Seki N, Kamizono S, et al. Identification of a genetic risk factor for systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in the 5'-flanking region of the TNF alpha gene and HLA genes. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2577-82.
  31. Kamizono S, Yamada K, Seki N, et al. Susceptible locus for obese type 2 diabetes mellitus in the 5'-flanking region of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene. Tissue Antigens 2000;55: 449-52.
  32. Negoro K, Kinouchi Y, Hiwatashi N, et al. Crohn's disease is associated with novel polymorphisms in the 5’-flanking region of the tumor necrosis factor gene. Gastroenterology 1999;117:1062-68.
  33. Santos M, Campos M, Souza A, Trevilatto P, Line S. Analysis of MMP-1 and MMP-9 promoter polymorphisms in early osseointegrated implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004;19:38-43.
  34. Terakado M, Hashimoto K, Arai Y, et al. Diagnostic imagin with newly developed ortho cubic superhigh resolution computed tomography (Ortho-CT). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:509-18.
  35. Webber RL, Horton RA, Tyndall DA, et al. Tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT): Theory and application for 3D dentoalveolar imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1997;26: 53-62.
  36. Webber RL, Horton RA, Underhill TE, et al: Comparison of film, direct digital, and tuned-aperture computed tomography images to identify the location of crestal defects around endosseous titanium implants. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;81:480-90.
  37. Kobayashi K, Shimoda S, Nakagawa Y, Yamamoto A. Accuracy in measurement of distance using limited cone-beam computerized tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004;19:228-31.
  38. Mozzo P, Procacci C, Tacconi A, Martini PT, Andreis IA. A new volumetric CT machine for dental imaging based on conebeam technique: Preliminary results. Eur Radiol 1998;8: 1558-64.
  39. Maria Eugenia Guerrero, Reinhilde Jacobs, Miet Loubele, Filip Schutyser, Paul Suetens, Daniel van Steenberghe. State of the art on cone-beam CT imaging for preoperative planning of implant placement. Clin Oral Invest 2006;10:1-7.
  40. Abrahams JJ, Frisoli JD, Dembner J. Anatomy of the jaw, dentition, and related regions. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1995;16:453-67.
  41. Jolesz F, Nabavi A, Kikinis R. Integration of interventional MRI with computer assisted surgery. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2001;13:69-77.
  42. Lauterbur PC. Image formation by induced local interactions: examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature 1973;242:190-91.
  43. Parkkola RK, Mattila KT, Ekfors TO, Komu MES, Vaara T, Aro HT, MR-guided core biopsies or soft tissue tumors on an open 0.23 T Imager. Acta Radiologica 2001;42:302-05.
  44. Stark DD, Bradley WG (Eds). Magnetic Resonance imaging. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1999.
  45. Gray CF, Redpath TW, Smith FW, Staff RT. Advanced imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging in implant dentistry. Clin Oral Impl Res 2003;14:18-27.
  46. Gray CF, Redpath TW, Smith FW. Presurgical dental implant assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Oral Implantology 1996;22:147-53.
  47. Guler AU, Sumer M, Sumer P, Bicer I: The evaluation of vertical heights of maxillary and mandibular bones and the location of anatomic landmarks in panoramic radiographs of edentulous patients for implant dentistry. J Oral Rehabil 2005;32:741-46.
  48. Bennett DA. Computed tomography: Reducing the Cost and Increasing The Effectiveness of Dental Implantology. Dent Implantol Update 2005;16:57-63.
  49. Xie Q, Bedran-Russo AK, Wu CD. In vitro remineralization effects of grape seed extract on artificial root caries. J Dent 2008 Nov;36(11):900-906.
  50. Vinitha M, Balal M. In vitro anticandidal activity of cinnamomum vernum. J Med Sci 2008;8(4):425-428.
  51. Aneja KR, Joshi R. “Antimicrobial activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum against dental caries causing microorganisms. Ethnobotan Leaflets 2009 Jul;13: 840-849.
  52. Arweiler NB, Donos N, Netuschil L, Reich E, Sculean A. Clinical and antibacterial effect of tea tree oil—a pilot study. Clin Oral Investig 2000 Jun;4(2):70-73.
  53. Soukoulis S, Hirsch R. The effects of a tea tree oil-containing gel on plaque and chronic gingivitis. Aust Dent J 2004 Jun;49(2):78-83.
  54. Michie CA, Cooper E. Frankincense and myrrh as remedies in children. J R Soc Med 1991 Oct;84(10):602-605.
  55. Greene DA. Gold, frankincense, myrrh, and medicine. N C Med J 1993 Dec;54(12):620-622.
  56. Bonifait L, Grenier D. Cranberry polyphenols: potential benefits for dental caries and periodontal disease. J Can Dent Assoc 2010;76:a130.
  57. Bodet C, Grenier D, Chandad F, Ofek I, Steinberg D, Weiss EI. Potential oral health benefits of cranberry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008 Aug;48(7):672-680.
  58. Weiss EI, Kozlovsky A, Steinberg D, Lev-Dor R, Bar Ness Greenstein R, Feldman M, Sharon N, Ofek I. A high molecular mass cranberry constituent reduces mutans streptococci level in saliva and inhibits in vitro adhesion to hydroxyapatite. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004 Mar;232(1):89-92.
  59. Abdul Sattar BA, Hassan AM, Hassan AS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of thymus vulgaris, origanum vulgare and rosmarinus officinalis against dental caries pathogens. Ibn Al-Haitham J Pure Appl Sci 2012 Jan;25(2):1-7.
  60. Huang MT, Ho CT, Wang ZY, Ferraro T, Lou YR, Stauber K, Ma W, Georgiadis C, Laskin JD, Conney AH. Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid. Cancer Res. 1994 Feb;54(3):701-708.
  61. Bernardes WA, Lucarini R, Tozatti MG, Souza MG, Silva ML, Filho AA, Martins CH, Crotti AE, Pauletti PM, Groppo M, et al. Antimicrobial activity of tosmarinus officinalis against oral pathogens: relevance of carnosic acid and carnosol. Chem Biodivers 2010 Jul;7(7):1835-1840.
  62. Parolia A, Thomas MS, Kundabala M, Mohan M. Propolis and its potential uses in oral health. Int J Med Sci 2010 Jul;2(7): 210-215.
  63. Oncag O, Cogulu D, Uzel A, Sorkun K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enerococcus faecalis. Gen Dent 2006 Sep-Oct:54(5):319-322.
  64. Martin MP, Pileggi R. A quantitative analysis of propolis: a promising new storage media following avulsion. Dent Traumatol 2004 Apr:20(2):85-89.
  65. Carbajal D, Casaco A, Arruzazabala L, Gonzalez R, Tolon Z. Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1989 Feb;25(1):103-107.
  66. Sanches NR, Cortez DAG, Schiavini MS, Nakamura CV, Filho BPD. An evaluation of antibacterial activities of Psidium guajava. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2005 May;48(3):4229-4230.
  67. Sanda KA, Grema HA, Geidam YA, Bukar-Kolo YM. Pharmacological aspects of Psidium guajava: an update. Int J Pharmacol 2011 May;7:316-324.
  68. Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS. Punica grantum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque. J Herb Pharmacother 2006;6(2):79-92.
  69. Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio FC, Sampaio MC, Pereira Mdo S, Higino JS, Peixoto MH. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of punica granatum linn (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. mitis and C albicans. Braz Dent J 2006;17(3): 223-227.
  70. Prasad D, Kunnaiah R. Punica granatum: a review on its potential role in treating periodontal disease. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014 Jul;18(4):428-432.
  71. Sauvaire Y, Petit P, Baissac Y, Ribes G. Chemistry and pharmacology of fenugreek. In: Herbs, botanicals and teas. Mazza G, Oomah BD, editors. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Pub. Co; 2000. p. 107-129.
  72. Acharya SN, Basu SK, Thomas JE. Methods for the improvement of plant medicinal properties with particular reference to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). In: Acharya SN, Thomas JE, editors. Advances in medicinal plant research. Kerala, India: Research Signpost; 2007b p. 491-412.
  73. Al-Habori M, Raman A. Pharmacological properties in fenugreek. - In: Petropoulos GA, editor. The genus trigonella. 1st ed. London and New York: Taylor and Francis 2002. p. 163-182.
  74. Saini P, Al-Shibani N, Sun J, Zhang W, Song F, Gregson KS, Windsor LJ. Effects of calendula officinalis on human gingival fibroblasts. Homeopathy 2012 Apr;101(2):92-98.
  75. Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PPA. Evaluation of calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2013 Nov-Dec;17(6):741-747.
  76. Chakraborthy GS. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of calendula officinalis Linn. J Herb Med Toxicol 2008 Jun;2(2):65–66.
  77. Zilda CG, Claudia MR, Sandra RF. Antifungal activity of the essential oil from calendula officinalis L growing in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2008;39(1):61-63.
  78. Bussadori SK, Castro LC, Galvão AC. Papain gel: a new chemo-mechanical caries removal agent. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2005 Winter;30(2):115-119.
  79. Bertassoni LE, Marshall GW. Papain-gel degrades intact nonmineralized type I collagen fibrils. Scanning 2009 Nov- Dec;31(6):253-258.
  80. Moon SE, Kim HY, Cha JD. Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2011 Sep;56(9):907-916.
  81. Pinto E, Vale-Silva L, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticumon, candida, aspergillus and dermatophyte species. J Med Microbiol 2009 Nov;58(Pt 11):1454-1462.
  82. Olajide OA, Makinde JM, Awe SO. Evaluation of the pharmacological properties of nutmeg oil in rats and mice. Pharma Biol 2000;38(5):385-390.
  83. Thanoon SZ, Al-Refai AS, Kamal A. Antibacterial effect and healing potential of nutmeg oil for chemically induced oral ulcerations in rabbits. Zanco J Med Sci 2013;17(2): 393-399.
  84. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-09.
  85. Sammour A, Bijan MM, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Prospective randomised trial comparing the effects of letrazole (LE) and clomiphene citrate (CC) on follicular development, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate in patients undergoing superovulation prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI). Fertil Steril 2001;76(Suppl 1):S110.
  86. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Single-dose administration of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:229-31.
  87. Fisher SA, Reid RL, Van Vugt DA, Casper RF. A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women. Fertil Steril 2002;78:280-85.
  88. Fatemi HM, Kalibianakis E, Tournaye H, Camus M, Van Steirteghem AC, Devroey P. Clomiphene citrate vs letrozole for ovarian stimulation: A pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:543-46.
  89. Hu Y, Cortvrindt R, Smitz J. Effects of aromatase inhibition on in vitro follicle and oocyte development analyzed by early preantral mouse follicle culture. Mol Reprod Dev 2002;61: 549-59.
  90. Shetty G, Krishnamurthy H, Krishnamurthy HN, Bhatnagar S, Moudgal NR. Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;61:157-66.
  91. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition reduces gonadotrophin dose required for controlled ovarian stimulation in women with unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1588-97.
  92. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition improves ovarian response to follicle-stimulating hormone in poor responders. Fertil Steril 2002;77:776-80.
  93. Goswami SK, Das T, Chattopadhyay R, Sawhney V, Kumar J, Chaudhury K, Chakravarty BN, Kabir SN. A randomized single blind controlled trial of letrozole as a low-cost IVF protocol in women with poor ovarian response: A preliminary report. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2031-35.
  94. Newkirk KM, Chandler HL, Parent AE, et al. Ultraviolet radiation-induced corneal degeneration in 129 mice. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:819-26.
  95. Pettenati MJ, Sweatt AJ, Lantz P, et al. The human cornea has a high incidence of acquired chromosome abnormalities. Hum Genet 1997;101:26-29.
  96. Snibson GR. Collagen cross-linking: A new treatment paradigm in corneal disease—a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010;38:141-53.
  97. Spoerl E, Raiskup-Wolf F, Kuhlisch E, Pillunat LE. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2008;24:S737-40.
  98. Rabinowitz YS, Nesburn AB, McDonnell PJ. Videokeratography of the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1993;100:181-86.
  99. Goodrich DW, Lee WH. The molecular genetics of retinoblastoma. Cancer Surv 1990;9:529-54.
  100. Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Life expectancy in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76:590-91.
  101. Honein MA, Dawson AL, Petersen EE, Jones AM, Lee EH, Yazdy MM, Ahmad N, Macdonald J, Evert N, Bingham A, et al. Birth defects among fetuses and infants of US women with evidence of possible Zika virus infection during pregnancy. JAMA 2017 Jan 3;317(1):59-68.
  102. Chervenak FA, Jeanty P, Cantraine F, Chitkara U, Venus I, Berkowitz RL, Hobbins JC. The diagnosis of fetal microcephaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 Jul 1;149(5):512-517.
  103. Papageorghiou AT, Thilaganathan B, Bilardo CM, Ngu A, Malinger G, Herrera M, Salomon LJ, Riley LE, Copel JA. ISUOG Interim Guidance on ultrasound for Zika virus infection in pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Apr;47(4):530-532.
  104. Chibueze EC, Parsons AJ, Lopes KD, Yo T, Swa T, Nagata C, Horita N, Morisaki N, Balogun OO, Dagvadorj A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound scanning for prenatal microcephaly in the context of Zika virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017 May 23;7(1):2310.
  105. Cordeiro MT. Zika virus: laboratory diagnosis. In: Zika in focus. Springer International Publishing; 2017. pp. 59-62.
  106. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodušek V, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016 Mar 10;374(10):951-958.
  107. Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, Hazin AN. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol 2016 Dec;34(12):765-770.
  108. Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, Szejnfeld PO, Alves Sampaio S, Bispo de Filippis AM. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Jan;47(1):6-7.
  109. Araujo AQ, Silva MT, Araujo AP. Zika virus-associated neurological disorders: a review. Brain 2016;139(8):2122-2130.
  110. Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Rabello RS, Valderramos SG, Halai UA, Salles TS, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 2016 Dec 15;375(24):2321-2334.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.