Citation Information :
Marya K, Dua J, Chawla S, Sonoo PR, Aggarwal A, Singh V. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Dental Implants: A Case for Immediate Loading. Int J Oral Implantol Clin Res 2011; 2 (2):97-103.
In the last three decades, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been increasingly employed as a biomaterial for orthopedic and spinal implants. PEEK dental implants have shown equal promise and are currently being used and investigated in many parts of the world. While their osseointegration capacity has been established beyond doubt, it is not clear whether these implants are suitable for specific situations with low functional and high esthetic demands or as completely viable alternatives to titanium in all situations. We present a brief introduction to the PEEK implants, a representative system and kit and the advantages and disadvantages as compared to titanium implants.
It is our observation that PEEK implants function well in anterior as well as posterior regions and when loaded immediately (one week after placement). Their use in the esthetic zone can be of significant advantage to the surgeon as well as patient. However, diminished radiopacity and limitation of available sizes may be causes for concern.
Cortada M, Giner L, Costa S, Gil FJ, Rodriguez D, Planell JA. Galvanic corrosion behavior of titanium implants coupled to dental alloys. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000;11:287-93.
Tschernitscheck H, Borchers L, Geurtsen W. Non-alloyed titanium as a bioinert material: A review. Quintessence Int 2005;36:523-30.
Olmedo D, Fernandes MM, Guglidmotti MB, Cabrini RL. Macrophages related to dental implant failure. Implant Dent 2003;12:75-80.
Roynesdal AK, Ambjornsen E, Haanaes HR. A comparison of three different endogenous nonsubmerged implants in edentulous mandible: A clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999;14:543-48.
Sicilia A, Cuesta S, Coma G, Arregui I, Guisasola C, Ruiz E, Maestro A. Titanium allergy in dental implant patients: A clinical study on 1500 consecutive patients. Clin Oral Implants Res Aug 2008;19(8):823-35.
Muller KE, Valentine-Thon E. Hypersensitivity to titanium: Clinical and laboratory evidence. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006; 27(Suppl 1):31-35.
Kitamura E, Stegaroiu R, Nomura S, Mikakawa O. Biomechanical aspects of marginal bone resorption around osseointegrated implants: Considerations based on a threedimensional finite element analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004;15(4):401-12.
Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: Ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech 1993;26(2):111-19.
Isidor F. Influence of forces on peri-implant bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17(Suppl 2):8-18.
Steinemann S. Titanium: The material of choice. Periodontology 2000;1998;17:7-21.
Huiskes R, Weinans H, van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop 1992;274:124-34.
Williams DF, McNamara A, Turner RM. Potential of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fiber reinforced PEEK in medical applications. J Mat Sci Letters 1987;6:199-90.
Kurtz S, Devine J. PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants: A review. Biomaterials 2007;28:4845-69.
Skinner HB. Composite technology for total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res Oct 1988(235):224-36.
Koca OL, Eskitascioglu G, Usumez A. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of functional stresses in different bone locations produced by implants placed in the maxillary posterior region of the sinus floor. J Prosthet Dent 2005;93:38-44.
Harmand MF, Cougoulic JP. A new biocompatible biomaterial: PEEK/â-TCP/TiO2 composite. Sydney 9WBC Congress 2004.
Sarot, Contar, da Cruz, Magini. Evaluation of the stress distribution in CFR-PEEK dental implants by the threedimensional finite element method. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 2010;21:2079-85.
Salama H, Rose LF, Salama M, Betts NJ. Immediate loading of bilaterally splinted titanium root-form implants in fixed prosthodontics. A technique re-examined: Two case reports. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1995;15:345-61.
Ledermann PD. More than 20 years of experience with immediate loading of implant borne cantilever prostheses in the interforaminal region. Zeitschrift kir Zahnàrztliche Implantologie 1996;12:123-36.
Chiapasco M, Gatti C, Rossi E, Haefliger W, Markwalder TH. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with immediate loading: A retrospective multicenter study on 226 consecutive cases. Clin Oral Impl Res 1997;8:48-57.
Tarnow DP, Emtiaz S, Classi A. Immediate loading of threaded implants at stage 1 surgery in edentulous arches: Ten consecutive case reports with 1- to 5-year data. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:319-24.
Schnitman PA, Whrle PS, Rubenstein JE, DaSilva JD, Wang NH. Ten-year results for Branemark implants immediately loaded with fixed prostheses at implant placement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997;12:495-503.
Balshi TJ, Wolfinger GJ. Immediate loading of Brànemark implants in edentulous mandibles: A preliminary report. Implant Dent 1997;6:83-88.
Whórle PS. Single-tooth replacement in the esthetic zone with immediate provisionalization: Fourteen consecutive case reports. Pract Periodont Aesthet Dent 1998;10:1107-14.
Piattelli A, Corigliano M, Scarano A, Costigliola G, Paolantonio M. Immediate loading of titanium plasma-sprayed implants: A pilot study in monkeys. J Periodontol 1998;69: 321-27.
Misch CE. Non-functional immediate teeth in partially edentulous patients: A pilot study of 10 consecutive cases using the Maestro dental implant system. Compendium 1998;19: 25-36.
Jaffin RA, Kumar A, Berman CL. Immediate loading of implants in partially edentulous jaws: A series of 27 case reports. J Periodontol 2000;71:833-38.
Horiuchi K, Uchida H, Yamamoto K, Sugimura M. Immediate loading of Branemark system implants following placement in edentulous patients: A clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:824-30.
Rocci A, Martignoni M, GottlowJ, Rangert B. Immediate function of single and partial reconstructions in the maxilla using MK IV fixtures: A retrospective analysis. Applied Osteointegration Research 2001;2:22-26.
Cooper LF, Rahman A, Moriarty J, Chaffee N, Sacco D. Immediate mandibular rehabilitation with endo-osseous implants: Simultaneous extraction, implant placement and loading. Ind Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002;17:517-25.
Degidi M, Piattelli A. Immediate functional and non-functional loading of dental implants: A 2 to 60 months follow-up study of 646 titanium implants. J Periodontol 2003;74:225-41.
Degidi M, Piattelli A, Felice P, Carinci F. Immediate functional loading of edentulous maxilla: A 5-year retrospective study of 388 titanium implants. J Periodontol Jun 2005;76(6):1016-24.
Degidi M, Piattelli A. Comparative analysis study of 702 dental implants subjected to immediate functional loading and immediate non-functional loading to traditional healing periods with a follow-up of up to 24 months. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:99-107.
Degidi M, Piattelli A. 7-year follow-up of 93 immediately loaded titanium dental implants. J Oral Implanto 2005;31(1):25-31.
Ivanoff CJ, Sennerby L, Lekholm U. Influence of initial implant mobility on the integration of titanium implants: An experimental study in rabbits. Clinical Oral Implants Research 1996;7: 120-27.
Hoshaw SJ, Brunski JB, Cochran GVB. Mechanical loading of Brànemark implants affects interfacial bone modeling and remodeling. IntJ Oral Maxillofac Implants 1994;9:345-60.
Nkenke E, Lehner B, Weinzierl K, Thams U, Neugebauer J, Steveling H, Radespiel-Trager M, Neukam FW. Bone contact, growth, and density around immediately loaded implants in the mandible of mini pigs. Clin Oral Hp Res 2003;14: 312-21.
Frost HM. The role of changes in mechanical usage set points in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. J Bone Minerai Res 1992;7:253-61.
Piattelli A, Ruggeri A, Trisi P, Romasco N, Franchi M. A histologic and histomorphometric study of the bone reactions to non-submerged unloaded and loaded single implants in monkeys. J Oral Implantol 1993;19:314-20.
Piattelli A, Trisi P, Romasco N, Emanuelli M. Histological analysis of a screw implant retrieved from man: Influence of early loading and primary stability. J Oral Implantol 1993;19:303-06.
Piattelli A, Corigliano M, Scarano A. Microscopical observations of the osseous responses in early loaded human titanium implants: A report of two cases. Biomaterials 1996;17: 1333-37.
Piattelli A, Corigliano M, Scarano A, Quaranta M. Bone reactions to early occlusal loading of two -stage titanium plasmasprayed implants: A pilot study in monkeys. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1997;17:163-69.
Piattelli A, Scarano A, Paolantonio M. Immediately loaded screw implant removed for fracture after a 15-year loading period: Histological and histochemical analysis. J Oral Implantol 1997;23:75-79.
Degidi M, Sca rano A, Piattelli M, Perrotti V, Piattelli A. Bone remodeling in immediately loaded and unloaded titanium dental implants: A histologic and histomorphometric study in humans. J Oral Implantol 2005;31(1)18-24.
Brunski JB, Moccia AF Jr, Pollack SR, Korostoff E, Trachtenberg DI. The influence of functional use of endossous dental implants on the tissue-implant interface. Histological aspects. J Dental Res 1979;58:1953-69.
Brunski JB. Influence of biomechanical factors at the bonebiomaterial interface. In: Davies JE (Ed). The Bone-Biomaterial Interface. Toronto: Toronto University Press 1991:391-405.
Brunski JB. Forces on dental implants and interfacial stress transfer. In: Laney WR, Tolman DE (Eds). Tissue Integration in Oral, Orthopaedic and Maxillofacial Reconstruction. Chicago: Quintessence 1992:108-24.
Brunski JB. Avoiding pitfalls in overloading and micromotions of intraosseous implants (Interview). Dent Implantol Update 1993;4(10):77-81.
Tarnow D, Elian N, Fletcher P, et al. Vertical distance from the crest of bone to the height of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants. J Periodontol 2003;74:1785-88.
Ericsson J, Persson LG. Different types of implant-associated reactions in periodontal soft tissues. J Clin Periodont 1995; 22:255-61.
Steinebrunner L, Wolfart S. In vitro evaluation of bacterial leakage along the implant of different implant abutment interface of different implant systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:875-81.
Engelke W, Decco OA. In vitro evaluation of horizontal implant micromovement in bone specimen with contact endoscopy. Implant Dent 2004;13:88-94.
Hermann J, Buser D, Schenk RK, Schoolfield JD. Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone changes around titanium implants: A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged implants in canine mandible. J Periodontol 2001;72:1372-83.
Hermann JS, Buser D, Schenk RK, et al. Crestal bone changes around titanium implants: A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged and submerged implants in the canine mandible. J Peridontol 2000;71:1412-24.
Wohrle PS. Nobel perfect esthetic scalloped implant: Rationale for a new design. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;5:64-73.
Gardener D. Maintaining crestal bone around dental implants: Literature review and clinical technique. Dentistry Today 2006.
Tonetti MS, Sanz M. Consensus report of session B. In: Lang N, Karring T, Lindhe J. Proceedings of the 3rd European Workshop on Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Berlin: Quintessence 1999:185-88.
Huang MT, Ho CT, Wang ZY, Ferraro T, Lou YR, Stauber K, Ma W, Georgiadis C, Laskin JD, Conney AH. Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid. Cancer Res. 1994 Feb;54(3):701-708.
Bernardes WA, Lucarini R, Tozatti MG, Souza MG, Silva ML, Filho AA, Martins CH, Crotti AE, Pauletti PM, Groppo M, et al. Antimicrobial activity of tosmarinus officinalis against oral pathogens: relevance of carnosic acid and carnosol. Chem Biodivers 2010 Jul;7(7):1835-1840.
Parolia A, Thomas MS, Kundabala M, Mohan M. Propolis and its potential uses in oral health. Int J Med Sci 2010 Jul;2(7): 210-215.
Oncag O, Cogulu D, Uzel A, Sorkun K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enerococcus faecalis. Gen Dent 2006 Sep-Oct:54(5):319-322.
Martin MP, Pileggi R. A quantitative analysis of propolis: a promising new storage media following avulsion. Dent Traumatol 2004 Apr:20(2):85-89.
Carbajal D, Casaco A, Arruzazabala L, Gonzalez R, Tolon Z. Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1989 Feb;25(1):103-107.
Sanches NR, Cortez DAG, Schiavini MS, Nakamura CV, Filho BPD. An evaluation of antibacterial activities of Psidium guajava. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2005 May;48(3):4229-4230.
Sanda KA, Grema HA, Geidam YA, Bukar-Kolo YM. Pharmacological aspects of Psidium guajava: an update. Int J Pharmacol 2011 May;7:316-324.
Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS. Punica grantum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque. J Herb Pharmacother 2006;6(2):79-92.
Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio FC, Sampaio MC, Pereira Mdo S, Higino JS, Peixoto MH. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of punica granatum linn (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. mitis and C albicans. Braz Dent J 2006;17(3): 223-227.
Prasad D, Kunnaiah R. Punica granatum: a review on its potential role in treating periodontal disease. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014 Jul;18(4):428-432.
Sauvaire Y, Petit P, Baissac Y, Ribes G. Chemistry and pharmacology of fenugreek. In: Herbs, botanicals and teas. Mazza G, Oomah BD, editors. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Pub. Co; 2000. p. 107-129.
Acharya SN, Basu SK, Thomas JE. Methods for the improvement of plant medicinal properties with particular reference to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). In: Acharya SN, Thomas JE, editors. Advances in medicinal plant research. Kerala, India: Research Signpost; 2007b p. 491-412.
Al-Habori M, Raman A. Pharmacological properties in fenugreek. - In: Petropoulos GA, editor. The genus trigonella. 1st ed. London and New York: Taylor and Francis 2002. p. 163-182.
Saini P, Al-Shibani N, Sun J, Zhang W, Song F, Gregson KS, Windsor LJ. Effects of calendula officinalis on human gingival fibroblasts. Homeopathy 2012 Apr;101(2):92-98.
Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PPA. Evaluation of calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2013 Nov-Dec;17(6):741-747.
Chakraborthy GS. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of calendula officinalis Linn. J Herb Med Toxicol 2008 Jun;2(2):65–66.
Zilda CG, Claudia MR, Sandra RF. Antifungal activity of the essential oil from calendula officinalis L growing in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2008;39(1):61-63.
Bussadori SK, Castro LC, Galvão AC. Papain gel: a new chemo-mechanical caries removal agent. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2005 Winter;30(2):115-119.
Bertassoni LE, Marshall GW. Papain-gel degrades intact nonmineralized type I collagen fibrils. Scanning 2009 Nov- Dec;31(6):253-258.
Moon SE, Kim HY, Cha JD. Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2011 Sep;56(9):907-916.
Pinto E, Vale-Silva L, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticumon, candida, aspergillus and dermatophyte species. J Med Microbiol 2009 Nov;58(Pt 11):1454-1462.
Olajide OA, Makinde JM, Awe SO. Evaluation of the pharmacological properties of nutmeg oil in rats and mice. Pharma Biol 2000;38(5):385-390.
Thanoon SZ, Al-Refai AS, Kamal A. Antibacterial effect and healing potential of nutmeg oil for chemically induced oral ulcerations in rabbits. Zanco J Med Sci 2013;17(2): 393-399.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-09.
Sammour A, Bijan MM, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Prospective randomised trial comparing the effects of letrazole (LE) and clomiphene citrate (CC) on follicular development, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate in patients undergoing superovulation prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI). Fertil Steril 2001;76(Suppl 1):S110.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Single-dose administration of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:229-31.
Fisher SA, Reid RL, Van Vugt DA, Casper RF. A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women. Fertil Steril 2002;78:280-85.
Fatemi HM, Kalibianakis E, Tournaye H, Camus M, Van Steirteghem AC, Devroey P. Clomiphene citrate vs letrozole for ovarian stimulation: A pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:543-46.
Hu Y, Cortvrindt R, Smitz J. Effects of aromatase inhibition on in vitro follicle and oocyte development analyzed by early preantral mouse follicle culture. Mol Reprod Dev 2002;61: 549-59.
Shetty G, Krishnamurthy H, Krishnamurthy HN, Bhatnagar S, Moudgal NR. Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;61:157-66.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition reduces gonadotrophin dose required for controlled ovarian stimulation in women with unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1588-97.
Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition improves ovarian response to follicle-stimulating hormone in poor responders. Fertil Steril 2002;77:776-80.
Goswami SK, Das T, Chattopadhyay R, Sawhney V, Kumar J, Chaudhury K, Chakravarty BN, Kabir SN. A randomized single blind controlled trial of letrozole as a low-cost IVF protocol in women with poor ovarian response: A preliminary report. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2031-35.
Newkirk KM, Chandler HL, Parent AE, et al. Ultraviolet radiation-induced corneal degeneration in 129 mice. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:819-26.
Pettenati MJ, Sweatt AJ, Lantz P, et al. The human cornea has a high incidence of acquired chromosome abnormalities. Hum Genet 1997;101:26-29.
Snibson GR. Collagen cross-linking: A new treatment paradigm in corneal disease—a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010;38:141-53.
Spoerl E, Raiskup-Wolf F, Kuhlisch E, Pillunat LE. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2008;24:S737-40.
Rabinowitz YS, Nesburn AB, McDonnell PJ. Videokeratography of the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1993;100:181-86.
Goodrich DW, Lee WH. The molecular genetics of retinoblastoma. Cancer Surv 1990;9:529-54.
Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Life expectancy in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76:590-91.
Honein MA, Dawson AL, Petersen EE, Jones AM, Lee EH, Yazdy MM, Ahmad N, Macdonald J, Evert N, Bingham A, et al. Birth defects among fetuses and infants of US women with evidence of possible Zika virus infection during pregnancy. JAMA 2017 Jan 3;317(1):59-68.
Chervenak FA, Jeanty P, Cantraine F, Chitkara U, Venus I, Berkowitz RL, Hobbins JC. The diagnosis of fetal microcephaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 Jul 1;149(5):512-517.
Papageorghiou AT, Thilaganathan B, Bilardo CM, Ngu A, Malinger G, Herrera M, Salomon LJ, Riley LE, Copel JA. ISUOG Interim Guidance on ultrasound for Zika virus infection in pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Apr;47(4):530-532.
Chibueze EC, Parsons AJ, Lopes KD, Yo T, Swa T, Nagata C, Horita N, Morisaki N, Balogun OO, Dagvadorj A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound scanning for prenatal microcephaly in the context of Zika virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017 May 23;7(1):2310.
Cordeiro MT. Zika virus: laboratory diagnosis. In: Zika in focus. Springer International Publishing; 2017. pp. 59-62.
Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodušek V, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016 Mar 10;374(10):951-958.
Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, Hazin AN. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol 2016 Dec;34(12):765-770.
Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, Szejnfeld PO, Alves Sampaio S, Bispo de Filippis AM. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Jan;47(1):6-7.
Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Rabello RS, Valderramos SG, Halai UA, Salles TS, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 2016 Dec 15;375(24):2321-2334.